Kristallnacht ap world history definition

• Literature:

• Pätzold, Kurt a Runge, Irene. Pogromnacht 1938. Berlin: Dietz, 1988. 260 s.

• Pehle, Walter H. Der Judenpogrom 1938. Von der Reichskristallnacht zum Völkermord. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1988. 246 s.

• Fisher, David a Read, Anthony. Kristallnacht. Unleashing the Holocaust. London: Papermac, 1991. 306 s.

• Kárný, Miroslav. Pogrom zvaný křišťálová noc (The pogrom known as Kristallnacht). Roš chodeš. 1998. Text of article; in Czech.

• Hahn, Karl J. Kristallnacht in Karlsbad. Křišťálová noc v Karlových Varech. Praha: Vitalis, 1998. 108 s.

• Vojtíšková, Marie. Židé v České Lípě (Jews in Česká Lípa). Libice and Cidlinou: VEGA-L, 1999. 123 s.

• Links:

• Kristallnacht. On-line presentation on the website of the Yad Vashem Memorial in Jerusalem.

• Kristallnacht. Map on the website A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust showing the places where synagogues were burnt down during Kristallnacht. . (The map is not totally complete - some places in the Sudetenland are missing, for example). On the same site is amap showing the main places where anti-Jewish violence occurred during Kristallnacht.

Definition

Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, refers to the violent pogrom against Jews in Nazi Germany on November 9-10, 1938. This event marked a significant escalation in the Nazi regime's anti-Semitic policies, transitioning from social discrimination and economic boycotts to outright violence and destruction of Jewish property, as well as arrests of Jewish individuals. It was a pivotal moment that illustrated the extent of Nazi ideology's dehumanization of Jews and set the stage for more severe measures leading up to the Holocaust.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. During Kristallnacht, over 7,000 Jewish-owned businesses were vandalized or destroyed, and hundreds of synagogues were set on fire across Germany and Austria.
2. This event was largely organized by the Nazi leadership, with local SA (Sturmabteilung) and SS (Schutzstaffel) members encouraged to participate in the violence.
3. Approximately 30,000 Jewish men were arrested during Kristallnacht and sent to concentration camps, signaling a shift in Nazi policy toward a more aggressive persecution of Jews.
4. The name 'Kristallnacht' comes from the shards of br
   

   During

   Shortly after this diplomatic blow, 17,000 Polish Jews were violently expelled across the German/Polish border on October 28, 1938. Among those forcibly removed were the family of 17-year-old Herschel Grynszpan, who, in the wake of the expulsion, fatally shot German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in Paris; the event acted as a catalyst for the Nazis, who were already contemplating an escalation in their persecution of the Jewish population.

   Portrait of Herschel Grynszpan taken after his arrest by French authorities for the assassination of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath. Grynszpan (1921-1943?). Born in Hannover, Germany, was the son of Polish Jews who had immigrated to Germany. In 1936 Grynszpan fled to Paris. On November 7, 1938, after having learned of the expulsion of his parents from Germany to Zbaszyn the Polish frontier, Grynszpan assassinated Ernst vom Rath, the third secretary of the German embassy in Paris. The diplomat’s subsequent death two days later was used by the Nazi regime as justification for unleashing the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 9–10. In 1940 Grynszpan was turned over to the Germans by the Vichy government, but the date and place of his
   
   

   key term - Kristallnacht

   Definition

   Kristallnacht, or the 'Night of Broken Glass,' refers to the violent pogrom against Jews in Nazi Germany and Austria that occurred on November 9-10, 1938. It marked a significant escalation in the Nazi regime's anti-Semitic policies and was characterized by the destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes, resulting in widespread fear and a clear signal of the impending atrocities that would follow during the Holocaust.

   5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

   1. During Kristallnacht, approximately 7,500 Jewish-owned businesses were vandalized or destroyed across Germany and Austria.
   2. Around 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps following the events of Kristallnacht.
   3. The pogrom was partly provoked by the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris by a Jewish man, which the Nazis used as a pretext for the violence.
   4. Kristallnacht represented a turning point in Nazi policy, transitioning from social discrimination to open violence against Jews, paving the way for the Holocaust.
   5. After Kristallnacht, insurance companies were forced to pay for the damages caused to Jewish properties, but
      

      Kristallnacht

      Night of Broken Glass

      Kristallnacht was the result of that rage. Starting in the late hours of November 9 and continuing into the next day, Nazi mobs, SS troops and ordinary citizens torched or otherwise vandalized hundreds of synagogues throughout Germany and damaged, if not completely destroyed, thousands of Jewish homes, schools, businesses, hospitals and cemeteries.

      Nearly 100 Jews were murdered during the violence. Nazi officials ordered German police officers and firemen to do nothing as the riots raged and buildings burned, although firefighters were allowed to extinguish blazes that threatened Aryan-owned property.

      After Kristallnacht, the streets and sidewalks of Jewish communities were littered with broken glass from vandalized buildings, giving rise to the names “Crystal Night” or “Night of Broken Glass.” The Nazis held the German-Jewish community responsible for the damage and imposed a collective fine of $400 million (in 1938 rates), according to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.

      Additionally, more than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to the Dachau, Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen concentration camps in Germany—camps that were speci